Sunday, December 29, 2019

Obesity and weight gain have become one of the world’s...

Obesity and weight gain have become one of the world’s most obvious problem. It is widely spoken of in the news, between friends, families and so on. In a study conducted in America, the results are the following: â€Å"35% of adults and nearly 17% of children aged 2–19 years are obese. Obesity plagues people not just in the United States but worldwide, including, increasingly, developing countries. Even animals—pets, laboratory animals, and urban rats—have experienced increases in average body weight over the past several decades, trends not necessarily explained by diet and exercise† (Holtcamp, 2012). An obesogen â€Å"describes a chemical that promotes excessive weight gain by increasing adipocyte (fat cell) size or number, changing metabolism†¦show more content†¦Bisphenol-A (BPA) which is one of these dangerous chemicals may also be found in cans and plastics and it is recommended to not microwave food in plastic since the heat makes the plastic release this chemical, nonstick pans have also showed to having Perfluorooctanoic acid which is one of these obesogenetic chemicals and surprisingly shower curtains and air fresheners contain Phtalates which are also another one of these chemicals. Obesogens really have to most powerful effect on a person when the person is still developing, as in when a person is a fetus, inside the mother’s womb. If the mother is exposed to any hints of obesogens then it will affect the baby. For example, once the mother has been exposed to any obesogenetic chemical the baby will start to turn some of its cells into fat cells and this will make the baby grow some extra pounds at the time of birth. Later on this baby will continue to live as if not affected by the obesogens. As time passes this person will always have some extra pounds, not to mention that he or she won’t know when he/she is full so this person will just keep eating. If this person decides to lose these extra pounds they will have a harder time since after all obesogens disrupt the way a person burns calories. They will have to work out harder and eat healthier than people that were exposed little amounts or none at all to these chemicals. This mayShow MoreRelate dShould We Be A Vegetarian?1615 Words   |  7 Pagesdairy products pose many environmental problems, but an effective solution for everyday people to soothe their conscience and save water is to become a vegetarian. Vegetarianism is a subject shunned by most, but it’s actually a simple lifestyle change that most anyone can do. It has many benefits health wise, only one being that vegetarians are 25 to 50 percent less likely to get cancer (PETA). It has the potential to solve or greatly reduce many global problems, like greenhouse gases and deforestationRead MoreCreative Dance7322 Words   |  30 Pagesof Creative Dance Creative dance is perceived differently by different sectors of the education system. In many provinces, creative dance is part of the physical education curriculum. More recently, two provinces— British Columbia and Saskatchewan— have considered placing dance under the rubric of arts education. The aspect of creative dance that is emphasized reï ¬â€šects the position creative dance is assigned in the curriculum. When in the physical education curriculum, creative dance lessons typicallyRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesthe California Department of Education collaborated with leading early childhood educators, researchers, advocates, and parents to develop Volume 2 of the preschool learning foundations. The foundations outline key knowl ­ edge and skills that most children can achieve when provided with the kinds of interactions, instruction, and environments shown by research to promote early learning and develop ­ ment. Volume 2 focuses on three domains: visual and performing arts, physical developmentRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesand Successes with this 11th edition. Who would have thought that interest in mistakes would be so enduring? Many of you are past users, a few even for decades. I hope you will find this new edition a worthy successor to earlier editions. I think this may even be my best book. The new Google and Starbucks cases should arouse keen student interest, and may even inspire another generation of entrepreneurs. A fair number of the older cases have faced significant changes in the last few yearsRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages This online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagescontinuation of profitable earnings? As we continue to experience the twenty-first century’s economic, social, and political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in which organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national passport? What will be the effect of the rapid gyrations in markets that emphasize the difficulties that accounting practices face in determining true performance costs andRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesshort illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies whic h follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth – and often providing ‘solutions’ to some of the problems or difï ¬ culties identiï ¬ ed in the case. There areRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageswork, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Competition Between Ford And General Motors - 1477 Words

Eyed Mahdi Al Qarni Prof. Morellato ENGL 080 03/29/2015 Competition between Ford and General Motors has drove them to their Success The Ford Motor Company and General Motors have a greatly influenced and shaped the global automobile industry in the 20th Century. While there are other big car-makers in the United States and other places in the world, the two companies have been the most popular and important players in that sector. This research focuses on an argument of how competition between both companies has benefited them. One of the most important point of the competition between Ford and General Motors has been their control of the global automobile industry. Both companies have many customers in the United States of America and other parts of the world. This would not be the case had the two companies not been in direct competition with each other. Whenever Ford introduces a new model in the market, General Motors is always quick to do the same (Ford 14). Similarly, the development of new model by the General Motors Company serves a lead for Ford Motor Company to introduce a new brand. This neck to neck fight for the American and global market automobiles has positively affected the special success of both companies. In most cases, companies tend to view competition with understanding that is more or less negative. All companies want to control any given market without being rude or steal from their ideas. However, the implications ofShow MoreRelatedCompetition Between Ford And General Motors1465 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Competition between Ford and General Motors has led to their Success Name Course Instructor Introduction The Ford Motor Company and General Motors have greatly influenced and shaped the global automobiles industry over the 20th Century. While there are other big car-makers both in the United States and elsewhere in the globe, the two companies have been the commonest and significant players across the entire sector. This research focuses on an argument of how competition between both companiesRead MoreUsing Scanning The Horizon Of Possibilities Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pageson new perspectives to possible future threats or opportunities (Gordon Glen). A tool that helps recognize the ecological deviations and tendencies is known as scanning. â€Å"Through scanning, firms identify early signals of potential changes in the general environment and detect changes that are already underway† (Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2015).This is very important to companies because this is how they understand what is happening and how they should adapt to the environmentRead MoreLogistics Collaborations. Introduction. Collaborations1245 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization and its business circumstances† (Poirier, 2008, p. 99). The focus on a collaboration benefiting its business circumstances, in addition to yielding benefits, while allowing for a competitive market place are key. Despite the need for competition in a successful marketplace, collaborations yield unprecedented benefits to business consumers. Literary Review As Diagnosing Greatness teaches, collaborations are vital to business with increased globalization. Logistics collaborations existRead MoreThe Financial Position Of Ford Motor Company1084 Words   |  5 Pagesindustry competition. This paper aims to assess the financial position of Ford Motor Company in comparison with General Motors Company. The evaluation will consider the computation of ratios such as; liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, dividend policy ratios, asset turnover ratios, and financial leverage ratios. The automotive companies are both listed on the NYSE exchange with the symbol ‘F’ being the ticker representation of Ford Motor Company, and ‘GM’ is the ticker symbol for General Motors CompanyRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry845 Words   |  4 Pagesexistence since 1896 when Henry Ford built his first car. He then invented the assembly line which allowed for the production of multiple cars, and this made the price of cars more affordable to buyers. By the 1920s, the assembly line concept of production was used by the largest auto companies in the United States, namely Ford, General Motors and Chrysler. The auto industry has always been faced with environmental and hazardous issues. Such issues include global competition, new technology for poweringRead MoreHow Globalization has Affected the American Automotive Industry652 Words   |  3 Pages Globalization brought upon many changes to the American Automotive Industry in 1975. Increasing demand for import automobiles and the Energy Policy and Conservation Act served to be a real threat to the Ford Motor Company, American Motors, Chrysler Corporation, and General Motors. Out of these four manufacturers Chrysler was affected the worst by the industrial change, as they required a federal aid and required brand /management changes to revive themselves. Globalization formed a more competitiveRead MoreCase Study: Business Process Reengineering General Motors Corporation900 Words   |  4 PagesProcess Reengineering General Motors Corporation   â€Å"General Motors is one of three leading automotive manufacturing companies in the United States. Based in Michigan in 1903 by Henry ford and grew to reach revenue of $150 billion and more than 370,000 employees by 1996. In the 1970s, the automobile market for the major auto makers - General Motors (GM), Ford, and Chrysler- was crunched by competition from foreign manufactures such as Toyota and Honda. In 1999, Ford acquired the Swedish VolvoRead MoreGeneral Motors And The U.s. Auto Industry1029 Words   |  5 Pages Five Forces Analysis of General Motors and the U.S. Auto Industry Trinity Washington University Jessica Jackson I realize the responsibility involved in membership in the Trinity community. I agree to abide by the rules and regulations of this community. I also affirm my intentions to live according to the standards of honor, to which lying, stealing, and cheating are opposed. I will help others to maintain this responsibly in all matters essential to the common good of the community.Read MoreCapitalism Is An Economic And Political System1684 Words   |  7 Pagesprivate owners for profit, rather than by the state. This leads to the constant competition within companies to make more profit. There are three characteristics of capitalism: Goods and services are privately held, limited government intervention, and prices are determined by supply and demand [Farrell 2015]. Due to capitalism companies are forced to make questionable decisions in order to stay ahead of their competition. The goal of these choices are to make more money and spend less of it. ThisRead MoreAmerican Automobile Industr y1162 Words   |  5 Pagesgrowing and with this growth we see a need for energy and with it has come a high price at the pump. Ford Motor Co. and General Motors Corp. due to a lack of planning, inability to adjust to this energy crisis, and other problems have led to massive losses. With investors anxious for change, American auto industry in order to compete in the car industry has sought ways to cut their costs. Both Ford and GM have resolved to plant closed downs and massive layoffs. To compete with foreign automakers

Friday, December 13, 2019

The technology for photovoltaic Free Essays

string(53) " are connected together to bring forth PV faculties\." 1. Introduction 1.1 Photovoltaic History The engineering for Photovoltaic dates back to over 160 old ages. We will write a custom essay sample on The technology for photovoltaic or any similar topic only for you Order Now A Gallic physicist, named Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, was the first to province his observations of the photovoltaic consequence in the nineteenth century. Since so, many scientists have worked to develop energy engineerings based on this consequence. The basic scientific discipline was foremost discovered in 1839 but the gait of advancement truly accelerated in three major pushs in the twentieth century. 1839 Experimenting with metal electrodes and electrolyte, nineteen-year-old Gallic physicist Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observes a physical phenomenon leting light-electricity transition 1883 Charles Fritts, an American discoverer, describes the first solar cells made from Se wafers 1888 Edward Weston receives first US patent for â€Å" solar cell † 1901 Nikola Tesla receives US patent for â€Å" method of utilizing, and setup for the utlization of, beaming energy † Albert Einstein Makes His Mark It was n’t until Albert Einstein wrote his 1905 paper on the photoelectric consequence: â€Å" On a Heuristic Viewpoint Refering the Production and Transformation of Light † . 1905 Albert Einstein publishes paper on theory behind â€Å" photoelectric consequence † along with paper on relativity theory 1916 Robert Millikan provided experimental cogent evidence of Einstein ‘s theory on photoelectric consequence 1922 Einstein wins Nobel award for 1904 paper on photoelectric consequence The Commercial Solar Age Begins Bell Laboratories, while working on Si semiconducting materials, discovered Si had photoelectric belongingss and rapidly developed Si solar cells, accomplishing 6 % efficiency and early orbiters were the primary usage for these first solar cells. 1954 Bell Labs exhibits foremost high-octane Si PV cell. The New York Times forecasts that solar cells will finally take to a beginning of â€Å" illimitable energy of the Sun † . 1955 Western Electric sells commercial licences for Si PV engineerings ; early successful merchandises include PV-powered dollar measure modifiers and devices that decoded computing machine clout cards and tape. 1958 PV array powers radios on US Vanguard I infinite orbiter 1963 Sharp Corporation produces a feasible photovoltaic faculty of Si solar cells. Japan installs a 242-watt PV array on a beacon, the universe ‘s largest array at that clip. 1966 NASA launches Orbiting Astronomical Observatory with a 1-kilowatt PV array 1970s Research thrusts PV costs down 80 % , leting for applications such as seaward pilotage warning visible radiations and horns beacons, railway crossings, and remote usage where utility-grid connexions are excessively dearly-won 1973 Solarex Corp is founded by two ex-NASA scientists who worked on the development of satellite PV systems 1974 Japan formulates â€Å" Project Sunshine † to fuel PV research and development 1976 Kyocera Corp begins production of Silicon thread crystal solar faculties 1977 US Dept. of Energy establishes US Solar Energy Research Institute in Golden, CO 1980s Continued betterments in efficiency and cost enables PV to go a popular power beginning for consumer electronic devices, such as reckoners, tickers, wirelesss, lanterns and other little battery charging applications Progressive Governments Use Subsidies to Rush Adoption To spur acceptance, Germany and so Japan initiated considerable subsidy plans and now those markets exist mostly without subsidies. In 2007, California leads the US with a similar 10-year plan. 1990 Germany launches $ 500MM â€Å" 100,000 Solar Roofs † plan. The Cathedral of Magdeburg installs solar cells on the roof, taging the first installing on a church in East Germany 1991 President George H. W. Bush directs the U.S. Department of Energy to set up the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( reassigning the bing Solar Energy Research Institute ) in Sandia, NM 1994 Japan begins â€Å" 70,000 Solar Roofs † PV subsidy plan 1998 California initiates $ 112MM â€Å" Emerging Renewables Program † to fund discounts for lt ; 30 kilowatt residential and commercial PV systems 2002 CA Public Utilities Commission begins $ 100MM â€Å" Self Generation Incentive Program † for gt ; 30 kilowatt PV undertakings 2004 Five makers – Sharp, Kyocera, Shell Solar, BP Solar and RWE SCHOTT Solar – history for 60 per centum of the PV market. GE buys Astropower, the last leftover US independent PV maker 2006 The CA PUC demonstrates leading by sketching what will go the California Solar Initiative ( CSI ) , a 10-year, $ 3 billion solar subsidy plan. 2007 The CSI plan Begins and is good received by the market, with higher than expected application volume. 2008 Your company joins the aggressive list of California concern leaders who adopt solar power for their concern with Sunlight Electric. Sunlight Electric, LLC. , 2002-2009 ) 1.2 Photovoltaic Basics and Working Principles The term photovoltaic is derived by uniting the Grecian words – â€Å" exposure † , intending visible radiation, and â€Å" Gur † , intending bring forthing electricity -means â€Å" electricity from visible radiation † Photovoltaic which is abbreviated as PV is the term which is used to depict the solid province devices which are capable of direct transition of sunshine into direct current electricity. Sunlight is made up of photons which are distinct units of light energy. When these photons come in contact with a PV cell, some photons are absorbed by the semiconducting material stuff and the energy is transferred to negatrons. With this extra energy, the negatrons can get away from their atoms and can flux as current in an electrical circuit. PV systems are agencies of bring forthing electricity on-site from the Sun without any noise pollution and have no moving parts. These can hence theoretically bring forth energy boundlessly without necessitating any care. It is an established fact that in one hr the solar energy received by the Earth if converted into electricity can bring forth energy which is equal to the entire sum of energy consumed by all worlds in one twelvemonth. The basic edifice blocks of PV faculties are the PV cells. PV cells are made up of semi-conducting stuffs, which typically is silicon and is doped ( doping is the procedure of deliberately presenting drosss into an highly pure semiconducting material to alter its electrical belongingss ) with particular additives. The entire sum of current that can be produced is straight relative to the size of the cell, its transition efficiency, and the strength of sunshine received. PV cells are connected together to bring forth PV faculties. You read "The technology for photovoltaic" in category "Essay examples" PV faculties can be connected in series and parallel to obtain the coveted electromotive force and current severally. When the PV faculties are fixed together ( in series or analogue ) they are called an array. ( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) PV arrays necessitate really small care no other than cleansing of the surfaces on occasion when and if they become soiled or if the PV arrays are being used in dust-covered locations. However for an efficient operation it is necessary to maintain them clear of snow, weeds and any other beginnings which can shadow a part or whole of the array. As the PV cells are connected in series ( particularly to bring forth the coveted electromotive force ) , so shadowing even one cell in a faculty will diminish the end product of the full faculty appreciably. 1.3 Types of PV Systems Photovoltaic power systems are by and large classified in conformity with their functional and operational demands, the constellation of their constituents, and how these equipments are connected to other power beginnings and electrical tonss. The three chief categorizations are: stand-alone systems intercrossed systems grid-connected or utility-interactive systems .Photovoltaic systems can be designed to supply either DC and/or AC power ; these can run interconnected with or independent of the public-service corporation grid, and can be connected with other energy beginnings and energy storage systems. a ) Stand Alone systems Stand-alone PV systems are designed to such that they can run independent of the electric public-service corporation grid. They are normally designed and sized to provide certain DC and/or AC electrical tonss. These types of systems are powered by a PV array merely. In many stand-alone PV systems, batteries are used to hive away energy during the twenty-four hours clip when the Sun radiances to be used at dark. B ) Hybrid Systems These are an drawn-out version of base entirely system as they consist of a combination of a PV array and a complementary agencies of electricity coevals such as a Diesel, gas or air current generator. In order for the operation of the two electricity bring forthing systems to be optimal, intercrossed systems typically require more sophisticated controls than any standalone PV systems. For illustration, in the instance of PV/diesel system the Diesel engine must be started when the battery reaches a given degree of discharge, and so stopped once more when the battery reaches an equal degree of charge. When a loanblend system is being used it is possible to utilize a smaller PV array and smaller batteries than would be required for an tantamount sized stand-alone system. Hence the entire cost of a intercrossed system may more cheaper to put in than a stand-alone system for some applications. degree Celsius ) Grid or Utility Intertied Systems Grid-connected or utility-interactive PV systems are designed such that they operate in analogue with and are interconnected with the electric public-service corporation grid. The most of import constituent in grid-connected PV systems is the inverter. The inverter is required to change over the DC power produced by the PV array into AC power which is in line with the electromotive force and power quality demands of the public-service corporation grid and is capable of automatically halt providing power to the grid when the public-service corporation grid is non energized. This system requires a bi-directional interface between the PV system AC end product circuits and the electric public-service corporation web, typically at the on-site distribution panel or at the service entryway. This allows the AC power which is being produced by the PV system to either supply to the on-site electrical tonss or to back-feed the grid when and if the PV system end product is greater than the on-site burden demand. At dark and during other periods when the electrical tonss required on-site are greater than the PV system end product, the balance of power required by the t ons is received from the electric public-service corporation. There is a safety characteristic built into all grid-connected PV systems, to guarantee that the PV system will non go on to run and feed back into the public-service corporation grid when the grid is down for service or fix. 1.4 Photovoltaic System Components Typical Components required for a Photovoltaic System are: PV Array: A PV Array is made up of environmentally-sealed PV faculties, which are aggregations of PV cells, the devices that convert sunlight to electricity. Balance of system equipment ( BOS ) : BOS includes climb and wiring systems which are used to incorporate the solar faculties into the structural and electrical systems. The wiring systems include all the isolation devices which are required for the District of Columbia and ac sides of the inverter, all the ground-fault protection equipment, and over current protections for the solar faculties. Most systems besides include a combiner board of some sort since most faculties require fuses for each faculty beginning circuit. Some inverters include this fuse and uniting map within the inverter enclosure. DC-AC inverter: An inverter is a device that takes the dc power from the PV array as an input and converts it into standard Ac power which is required by the tonss to which it is feeding. Batteries: This includes batteries and battery enclosures, battery charge accountant and separate sub-panel ( s ) for critical burden circuits. Metering: This includes metres to supply measuring of the system public presentation. Some metres can bespeak the use of energy. Other constituents: These include the public-service corporation switch and protections as required by the local public-service corporation section. 1.5 Definition – Building Integrated Photovoltaic The acronym BiPV ( Building integrated Photovoltaic ) refers to systems and constructs in which photovoltaics are integrated within the edifice ; they take on the function of edifice elements functioning a secondary intent such as roof, fa A ; ccedil ; ade or a shading system every bit good as holding the map of bring forthing electricity. However bing edifices may be retrofitted by adding BIPV faculties on the top of already constructed constructions as good. The chief advantage of BiPV over the common non-integrated systems is that its initial cost can be offset by cut downing the sum that had to be spent on edifice stuffs and labor usually that the BIPV faculties replace. In add-on, as BIPV are an built-in portion of the edifice design, they by and large blend in better with the edifice and are more aesthetically more pleasing than other solar options It means that they give best consequences if built/constructed along with a building/structure. They should besides be planned together with the edifice. Yet, they could be built subsequently on. They require working together of many different experts, such as designers, civil applied scientists, electrical applied scientists and PV system interior decorators. 1.6 Application of Building Integrated Photovoltaic The photovoltaics can be integrated with the edifices and constructions as follows: a ) Facade systems The BIPV system can be designed to move as an outer tegument and weather barrier as portion of the edifice envelope. BIPV systems are by and large the glass merchandises which are typically used as facade systems ( laminated and patterned glass ) , spandrel glass panels, and curtain wall. These can replace traditional building stuffs. Laminated glass is the most common BIPV merchandise used for the Fa A ; ccedil ; ade systems. It is made up of two pieces of glass with PV solar cells sandwiched between these glass pieces, an encapsulant like ethylene-vinyl ethanoate ( EVA ) or another encapsulant stuff, and a translucent or coloured tedlar-coated polyester back-sheet. The designer can bespeak the spacing between solar cells, which will find the power supply and besides permit the design of inactive solar characteristics by modulating the sum of twenty-four hours illuming allowed to come in into the edifice The photovoltaics used as edifice frontages have many advantages as they bring in natural visible radiation, ocular contact with the nature and can lend as an of import component of inactive solar energy. These make it possible to conjugate production of energy, aesthetics and thermic comfort. ( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) and ( Jesus, Manuela and Pereira 2005 ) B ) Atrium systems In this system BIPV is a glass component joined with PV faculties that provides different shading degrees and can be designed to heighten indoor thermic comfort every bit good as usage of natural daytime. The semi-transparent PV faculties are most rather frequently used within the commercial atria as these can be used to replace traditional shading solutions which by and large have high care costs associated with them. However, compared to standard dual glazing systems, an component which incorporates either glandular fever or poly crystalline PV cells in a glass-glass building does come at a cost premium. But this cost premium can be offset as taking PV laminates for the atrium roof has multiple benefits for the edifice users, such as electricity coevals, solar shading, environmental and engineering statements, enhanced comfort and esteemed office workspace. Many researches have confirmed that the application of PV in atria is justified from both fiscal, environmental ( CO2 emanations ) and architectural positions. Using BIPV in the atria is possibly the most appropriate usage of PV today. As betterments happen in the cell efficiency and in peculiar the inverter dependability, it will further profit the economic sciences of PV atria and do its usage far more common topographic point. ( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) and ( James, Jentsch. and Bahaj 2008 ) degree Celsius ) Awning and Shading systems A assortment of PV stuffs can be mounted onto a frontage in aesthetic mode to function as sunshades. vitamin D ) Roofing systems The BIPV roofing system replaces conventional roofing stuffs such as tiles, herpes zosters, and metal roofing. This system can be applied to atilt roofs every bit good as plane coverings. This system has several advantages other than bring forthing electricity such as decrease in care costs, pays back the installing costs in shorter periods due to its privileged placement for the response of solar energy. BIPV applications in plane coverings have extra advantages like its capacity to widen the roof life through its belongings of protecting the insularity and membrane from ultraviolet beams and from debasement caused by rain. ( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) and ( Jesus, Manuela and Pereira 2005 ) 1.7 Design Issues In order to obtain an optimal public presentation by the integrating of a photovoltaic system into edifices it is required to give due consideration to its constructability and functionality, as its installing is different from the conventional PV installing method which merely need back uping constructions opened to air. The efficiency of BIPV system is determined by the method that is applied to the edifice envelope, every bit good as the efficiency of PV system itself. In add-on to the general specifications of a PV system, there are assorted design factors that may make up one’s mind the public presentation of the BIPV systems. In any state of affairs of BIPV integrating, the undermentioned factors should be taken in consideration in all design and executing stage: Environmental Factors – Climatic informations – temperature, solar radiation – of the location must be known, this is because the solar entree, the incidence of solar radiation that reaches a PV surface at any given clip, determines the possible electrical end product of a BIPV system. It is besides of import to cognize the latitude of the topographic point and the solar orientation ( an disposition angle of the faculties ) as presentations have shown that a system installed at a tilt angle equivalent to the site latitude produces the greatest sum of electricity on an one-year footing. Care must be taken in order to avoid shadowing from the milieus. If merely a portion of PV array is shaded the energy loss can be over-proportional compared to the loss of incident solar energy. Structural Factors – These include the requested energy, weight and size of chosen faculty, ways of arrested development and operating and care schemes ( easiness of installing and handiness of system constituents ) of the BIPV system. For taking the type and size of BIPV three things which need to be considered are the energy required, architectural or aesthetic considerations, and economic factors. In order to find the coveted power evaluation of a BIPV system for a edifice, the entire electrical demands of the edifice demand to be evaluated. The optimal power evaluation of the BIPV system can so be calculated based on the part of the edifice ‘s electricity that will be supplied by this BIPV system. Architecturally, the size of the BIPV system is physically limited to the dimensions of the edifice ‘s available surface country. The balance between the sum of power required and the sum of surface country available can find the type of PV engineering that will be used. Each engineering has an associated scope of end product in watts per square pes or per square metre and cost per W. Aesthetic and Economic Factors – The faculty should suit in the milieus and must be harmonious with other building stuffs. It should be multifunctional ad replace, whenever possible, other building stuffs. Electrical issues – Electrical issues chiefly involve the public presentation and dependability of the inverters. BIPV systems include individual inverters, master-slave inverter constellations, modular inverters, and parallel independent or threading inverters. A BIPV system is most vulnerable to a single-point failure where the power generated from the BIPV array must be transformed and synchronized through the inverter from DC to AC power and so fed into the edifice or an electric public-service corporation system. If the inverter fails, the full system malfunctions. A BIPV system must be designed so that multiple inverters work together ensures greater system dependability. If one inverter malfunctions or requires care, it can be disconnected from the array and the BIPV system can still run. Safety Issues – With respects to the electrical safety issues, it is of import to observe that lightning, land mistakes, and power line rushs can all do high electromotive forces in otherwise low-tension BIPV systems. The international electric codifications, ordinances and edifice codifications are being amended to include PV engineerings and reference fire and safety issues refering BIPV design, installing, and care. ( Eiffert and Kiss 2000 ) , ( Jesus, Manuela and Pereira 2005 ) and ( Moor, Borg, Boer and Oldenkamp 2004 ) 2. PV Technology 2.1 Current Status of technological Development of Photovoltaics Photovoltaics industry has already become a billion dollar industry. This industry is sing rapid growing as there are concerns over fuel supplies and C emanations and this is taking the authoritiess and persons to disregard its current high costs. It will go genuinely mainstream when its costs are comparable to other energy beginnings. At the minute, it is about four times more expensive than other competitory commercial merchandises. Three coevalss of photovoltaics are being developed and these will take solar power into the mainstream. First Generation PV These include the undermentioned types: Mono Crystalline Cells ( c-Si ) Poly Crystalline Cells ( mc-Si ) Wafer A ; eacute ; quivalents ( re-crystallisation etc ) These types of single-junction, silicon-wafer devices are now normally referred to as the first- coevals ( 1G ) engineering. The First coevals solar cells are crystalline based photovoltaic cells that have dominated and still rule the solar faculty market. These solar cells use silicon wafers of between 4 † to 8 † size, and history for biggest portion of the planetary PV market. They are dominant because of their high efficiency and proved engineering. This is despite of the fact that their fabrication costs are really high ; a job that will hopefully be resolved by the 2nd coevals cells. The fabricating procedure of 1G solar cell involves high energy intensive production attempt and is labour intensive ; this has prevented important cost decreases. 1st coevals solar cells have the highest efficiency of all three coevalss, between 13 % to 20 % and nearing the theoretical modification efficiency of around 30 % . Second Generation PV The following measure in the development of PV to cut down cost/W is to take the unneeded stuff from the cost equation by utilizing thin-film devices. Second-generation ( 2G ) engineerings are besides single-junction devices and are designed to utilize less stuff while seeking to keep the efficiencies of 1G PV. The chief types in this class are: Amorphous Silicon ( a-Si ) Cadmium Telluride ( CdTe ) Copper Indium Gallium Selenide – CuIn ( Ga ) Se2 – ( CIGS ) Second coevals cells, although significantly cheaper to bring forth than first coevals cells have lower efficiencies of between 6 % to 12 % . The chief advantages of 2nd coevals, thin-film solar cells, are the lower fabrication costs and their flexibleness. Thin-film engineering has led to the development of lightweight, aesthetically delighting solar inventions such as solar herpes zosters and solar panels that can be rolled out onto a roof or other surface. CdTe, CIGS and a-Si are applied in uninterrupted axial rotation to-roll or batch procedure to back uping substrates such as glass, unstained steel or polymer foil therefore cut downing material mass and therefore costs. It is going obvious that the 2nd coevals cells will rule the residential and power public-service corporation solar applications, particularly as new, higher-efficiency cells are being researched and produced. It is now an accepted fact that as fabrication techniques evolve the production of 2nd coevals engineerings will derive important market portion in the following decennary. Even among major makers there is surely a tendency towards 2nd coevals engineerings. Third Generation PV Third-generation ( 3G ) attack to photovoltaics ( PVs ) aims to accomplish high efficiency devices but still utilizing thin-film, second-generation deposition methods. The construct is that this should be achieved merely by a little addition in cost and therefore cut downing the cost per Watt extremum. Increasing efficiency agencies lower costs because as smaller country is required for a given power this will besides cut down the costs of balance-of-system equipment, and therefore the efficiency values could dramatically diminish these costs per Watt extremum. In order to accomplish efficiency betterments, devices have to get the better of the bounds for single-bandgap devices that limit efficiencies to either 31 % or 41 % , depending on concentration ratio ( Figure 8 ) . This requires multiple energy threshold devices. Multiple energy threshold devices can be achieved in many different ways: ( a ) By increasing the figure of energy degrees ; The construct of absorbing different subdivisions of the solar spectrum, by agencies of multiple energy degrees can be applied in many different device constructions. Tandem or multicolor cells The tandem or multicolor cell is the easiest of all the constellations. Solar cells made up of p-n junctions in different semiconducting material stuffs of increasing bandgap are placed on top of each other, such that the sunshine is foremost intercepted by the stuff of highest bandgap. – III-V tandems These are multi-junction cells that consist of multiple thin movies produced utilizing molecular beam epitaxy and / or metalorganic vapor stage epitaxy. Each type of semiconducting material has a characteristic set spread energy which allows it to absorb light most expeditiously over a part of the spectrum. The pick of semiconducting materials is such that they absorb about the full solar spectrum, and generate electricity from as much of the solar energy as possible. Concentrator systems Concentrator cells consist of four- or even five-bandgap cells. These are non merely higher in efficiencies but besides have higher electromotive force and lower current than three-bandgap cells. This reduces the series opposition losingss which is an of import factor for concentrator cells. Tandems suit the concentrator systems because as the figure of cells addition in the stack, the voltage-to-current ratio besides increases and this decreases the resistive losingss in the high current densenesss of concentrator cells. However, concentrators do non work with an cloudiness sky and necessitate direct sunshine for proper operation, unlike flat-plate cell faculties. Thin-film tandems – a-Si tandems, Si nanostructure tandems A tandem thin-film Si solar cell comprises of a crystalline substrate, a first unit cell positioned on the transparent substrate, the first unit cell consisting a p-type window bed, an i-type absorber bed and an n-type bed, an intermediate contemplation bed positioned on the first unit cell, the intermediate contemplation bed including a hydrogenated n-type microcrystalline Si oxide of which the O concentration is profiled to be bit by bit increased and a 2nd unit cell positioned on the intermediate contemplation bed, the 2nd unit cell consisting a p-type window bed, an i-type absorber bed and an n-type bed. Intermediate-level cells: dross PV and intermediate set solar cells The attack adopted with these devices is to present one or more energy degrees within the bandgap such that they absorb photons in analogue with the normal operation of a single-bandgap cell. This semi-parallel operation offers the potency to be much less spectrally sensitive but to still give high efficiencies. ( B ) Multiple bearer brace coevals per high energy photon or individual bearer brace coevals with multiple low energy photons ; Carriers generated from high-energy photons ( at least twice the bandgap energy ) absorbed in a semiconducting material can undergo impact ionisation events ensuing in two or more bearers near to the bandgap energy. But impact ionisation has a vanishingly little chance in bulk stuff. A device based on this attack requires a agency of leting the multiple electron-hole braces to be separated, transported, and collected in a majority construction. This is the topic of ongoing research. ( degree Celsius ) Capturing bearers before thermalization. The concluding option for increasing efficiencies is to let soaking up of a broad scope of photon energies but so to roll up the photogenerated bearers before they have a opportunity to thermalize. A hot-carrier solar cell is merely such a device that offers the possibility of really high efficiencies but with a construction that could be conceptually simple compared with other really high efficiency PV devices – such as multijunction massive tandem cells. For this ground, the attack lends itself to thin-film deposition techniques with their attendant low stuff and energy use costs and the ability to utilize abundant, atoxic elements. Summary of Cell Efficiencies for 1G, 2G and 3G Photovoltaics The Graph 3 shows a historic sum-up of cell efficiencies for assorted photovoltaic engineerings. The multijunction solar cells have achieved the highest efficiencies, and these are increasing at a rate of about 1 % per twelvemonth in recent old ages. The efficiencies of the Multijunction cell have the potency to near 50 % in the coming old ages. ( Bagnall, D.M. and Boreland, M. ( 2008 ) ; Conibeer, G. , ( 2007 ) ; Ruoss, D. ( 2008 ) ) 2.2 Future Challenges and Developments As we have discussed, advancement in PV engineering should be measured in $ /W, and many scientific progresss, as intriguing though they may be, will merely be relevant to the industry if they can be implemented at low-cost costs. In this sense, we can imagine two paths to cheaper photovoltaic energy that will be brought approximately by new scientific discipline and 3G constructs. The first is based on the matter-of-fact usage of new engineering to better the public presentation or diminish the cost of current devices. The 2nd, more radical, possibility might affect new whole-device constructs. Indeed, in recent old ages we have seen the outgrowth of dye-sensitised ( Gratzel, 2001 ) and polymer-based solar cells ( including organic/inorganic loanblends ) ( see Brabec and Sariciftci, 2001 ; Kanicki, 1986 ) as basically new types of device, and although none of these have come near to surpassing wafer- based Si devices in cost or efficiency, there is every opportunity that these devic es could show step-change betterments or that new types of device may yet emerge. ( Bagnall, D.M. and Boreland, M. 2008 ) The PV industry is continuously seting attempt towards cost decrease so that PV could go a self-sustained industry without the demand for subsidies. Characteristic developments in solar industry are the undermentioned: Strong investing in thin-film industry. Companies based on Si, such as QCells are puting in subordinates based on thin-film engineering. Besides LCD equipment makers are developing equipment for solar industry and even complete lines for thin-film production ( such as Oerlikon or Applied Materials ) ; a diverseness of technological inventions. Reaching stableness and device dependability for cheaper engineerings, such as dye-sensitised cells. 12 17 October 2008 ZONNESTROOM 2008 Expansion of fabrication volume and accomplishment of lower costs, such as the instance of First Solar. Silicon deficit is driving investings into poly-Si workss. Another tendency is the production of metallurgical Si, which allows for less capital costs for production machinery and tools. ribbon/sheet adult Si, capital costs and the sum of Si used can be diminished. Thinner Si wafers and new poly-Si stuff supplies. Faster processing/higher production volume. Growth of the market for BIPV ( Building Integrated PV ) merchandises and flexible PV merchandises. Concentrating engineering could go attractive due to take down solar electricity costs in really cheery states ( Africa, USA, Middle East, India, China, Mexico and Australia ) . Emerging of new PV engineerings. As the industry and the volumes produced are acquiring larger and larger, more attending will hold to be paid to the undermentioned issues: As the industry and the volumes produced are acquiring larger and larger, more attending will hold to be paid to the undermentioned issues: Natural stuffs constrictions for different engineerings ( inexpensive solar quality glass, Te and In ) . Procuring natural stuffs supply is necessary. Reduce waste, both of natural stuffs and of resources used in production. Bing able to pull extremely qualified and good trained forces. ( Jol, J.C. , Mandoc, M.M.and Molenbroek, E.C. 2008 ) 3. Costss and Benefits 3.1 Costss of PV Systems 3.2 Advantages, Disadvantages and restrictions of BIPV Systems 3.3 Future Costss 4. Decisions The solar market is dining. The solar market has shown mean growing rate of more than 35 % over the last 10 old ages. The market value was estimated to be 13 billion Euros in 2007 and over 100,000 people have found employment in the solar concern. The cost of solar panels continues to drop every bit good. Since the early old ages of solar panels, panel monetary values have dropped by 20 % for each duplicating in cumulative production. Important states for the solar market are Germany, Japan, the US and non the least far Asiatic states with China as a strong Centre point. The renewable energy market is no longer a niche market. It was about a $ 150 billion market in 2007. Almost 60 % of this was spent on renewable power coevals undertakings in plus finance, which accounts for 23 % of all new power coevals capacity worldwide in 2007. Solar investing truly took off in 2007, when $ 28.6 billion of new investing flowed into solar, of which $ 18 billion ( approx. ˆ 13 billion ) was spent on freshly installed PV power. The one-year growing is at an mean rate of 254 % since 2004. It is seen now as a mature market by fiscal establishments. The market portion of the pillar of the solar industry, crystalline PV faculties, has still a market portion of approximately 90 % but the thin movie faculties are catching up. A batch of production installations are coming into production the coming old ages. In an international position, it is expected that the solar market will go on its high growing rates ( ~30-40 % per twelvemonth ) in the coming old ages. The coming old ages will demo an enlargement in the thin movie production capacity. However, crystalline Si will remain an of import pillar of the solar industry. Production is demoing a displacement toward Asia ( China, Taiwan, Philippines ) . Nevertheless production capacity is besides being built in Europe. In the short term, an glut state of affairs could originate. In the longer term the market will be able to catch up with the enlargement in production capacity that will happen in the coming few old ages. From the fiscal market position solar is now seen as a mature market which is safe to put in. International related investings financess and venture capitalists are puting more and more capital in solar companies and undertakings. Large investings are needed in the sector to let for high growing rates in the coming old ages. On the engineering side, In an international context, the relationship between a strong industry and a strong place market is good seeable. The market in Japan ‘collapsed ‘ after subsidies were terminated and Japan lost it ‘s international top place in production. At this minute, nowhere in the universe can be found so many thin movie start-up companies as in Germany, where presently the most PV faculties are sold. A strong internal market besides creates occupations in the installing sector. In footings of occupation Creation. Forexample: Germany has 40.000 occupations in PV, Grid para may be reached in the Netherlands in 2015 or even earlier every bit good. It should be realized though that the volumes necessary to make this low PV kWhprice will hold to be realized and it will non go on if everybody starts waiting for grid para. Besides, it is non expected that the PV-consumer market will straight take off every bit shortly as grid para is reached. Grid para is in fact already reached in South Italy by now, but the market is still little. However, a sufficiently interesting pay back clip, consciousness of the possibilities and willingness to pay up forepart for families and an substructure able to offer cost-efficient rooftop PV-systems will hold to be in topographic point for this to go on. Last but non least, a batch will depend on the development of the conventional electricity monetary values in the old ages to come. ( Jol, J.C. , Mandoc, M.M.and Molenbroek, E.C. 2008 ) 5. Mentions Wekken, T ( 2007 ) . Power quality and Utilisation Guide, Distributed coevals and renewables, photovoltaic installings [ on-line ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/3012823/Photovoltaics [ Accessed on 27 Oct 2009 ] Eiffert.P and Kiss.G.J. ( 2000 ) , Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional constructions. A Sourcebook for Architects [ online ] . NREL/BK-520-25272. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf [ Accessed on 13 Dec 2009 ] Sunlight Electric, LLC. , 2002-2009 [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sunlightelectric.com/pvhistory.php [ Accessed on 27 Oct 2009 ] Wisconsin Public Service Corporation ( 2000 ) [ on-line ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildingsolar.com/technology.asp [ Accessed on 27 Oct 2009 ] James, P.A.B, Jentsch, M.F. and Bahaj, A.S. , ( 2008 ) Quantifying the added value of BiPV as a shadowing solution in atria. Solar Energy Journal, [ online ] 83 ( 2 ) pp 220-231. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/science? _ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6V50-4T7HYK9-2-T A ; _cdi=5772 A ; _user=129520 A ; _orig=browse A ; _coverDate=02 % 2F28 % 2F2009 A ; _sk=999169997 A ; view=c A ; wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzk A ; md5=947f9679e28a5d75fdd0842654bd3387 A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf [ Accessed 14 Dec 2009 ] Jesus, L. , Manuela, A. and Pereira, E. , ( 2005 ) The Difficulties of Implementation of BIPV in Portugal, rejection or absentation? [ online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/6885/2/Jesus_CI_2005.pdf [ Accessed 27 Oct 2009 ] Moor, H.H.C. , Borg, N.J.C.M. , Boer, B.J. and Oldenkamp, H. , ( 2004 ) , Lay-out of Building incorporate PV systems. In: fifth ISES Europe Solar Conference June 2004, Freiburg Germany [ online ] . Available from file transfer protocol: //ftp.ecn.nl/pub/www/library/report/2004/rx04073.pdf [ Accessed on 14 Dec 09 ] Bagnall, D.M. and Boreland, M. ( 2008 ) Photovoltaic Technologies. Energy Policy, [ online ] 36 ( 12 ) pp 4390-4396. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/science? _ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6V2W-4TW0SWR-5-C A ; _cdi=5713 A ; _user=129520 A ; _orig=browse A ; _coverDate=12 % 2F31 % 2F2008 A ; _sk=999639987 A ; view=c A ; wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWA A ; md5=3cc7fe5f76574e4d9bfc13a2c1d96f37 A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf [ Accessed 17 Dec 2009 ] EurObserv’ER, PhotovoltaicEnergyBarometer,2008 [ online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro184.pdf [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ] A Guide to Photovoltaic ( PV ) System Design and Installation, 2001 [ on-line ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2001-09-04_500-01-020.PDF [ Accessed: 14Dec 09 ] Ruoss, D. ( 2008 ) Market Overview of Silicon and Non-Silicon Technologies and a Perspective of the PV Market and Technologies Development [ online ] . Available from www.envision.ch/index.php? option=com_docman A ; task [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ] Conibeer, G. , ( 2007 ) , Third-generation photovoltaics. Materials Today [ online ] 10 ( 11 ) pp 42-50. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=MImg A ; _imagekey=B6X1J-4PWDT21-M-K A ; _cdi=7244 A ; _user=10 A ; _orig=search A ; _coverDate=11 % 2F30 % 2F2007 A ; _sk=999899988 A ; view=c A ; wchp=dGLbVzW-zSkzV A ; md5=84028f687bf61e4d4cfb276fab93973b A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ] Geisz, J. , Olson, J. , Friedman D. , Kurtz, S. , McMahon, W. , Romero, M. , Reedy, R. , Jones, K. , Norman, A. , Duda, A. , Kibbler, A. , Kramer, C. , and Young, M. ( 2004 ) III- V/Silicon Lattice-Matched Tandem Solar Cells. In: DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Review Meeting, October 2004, Denver, Colorado [ online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/36991.pdf [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ] Kolodziej, A. , Wronski, C.R. , Krewniak, P. and Nowak, S. ( 2000 ) Silicon thin movie multijunction solar cells.Opto-Electronics Review [ online ] 8 ( 4 ) pp339-345. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wat.edu.pl/review/optor/2000/4/8 ( 4 ) 339.pdf [ Accessed: 17 Dec 09 ] Jol, J.C. , Mandoc, M.M.and Molenbroek, E.C. ( 2008 ) Solar Electricity 2008 – A Technical and Economic Overview [ online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ecofys.org/com/publications/documents/PVStatus2008_NLperspectief_Eng_17okt08.pdf [ Accessed: 16 Dec 09 ] 6.0 BIPV Terminology Building-integrated photovoltaic ( BIPV ) is a comparatively recent new application of photovoltaic ( PV ) energy engineerings. These are some of the basic footings used in depicting PV engineerings, BIPV merchandises, and their utilizations: Antireflection coating– a thin coating of a stuff that reduces light contemplation and additions light transmittal ; it is applied to the surface of a photovoltaic cell. Balance of System ( BOS )– Non-PV constituents of a BIPV system typically include wiring, switches, power conditioning units, metres, and battery storage equipment ( if required ) . Bypass rectifying tube– a rectifying tube connected across one or more solar cells in a photovoltaic faculty to protect these cells from thermic devastation in instance of entire or partial shading of single cells while other cells are exposed to full visible radiation. Conversion efficiency– Sum of electricity a PV device green goodss in relation to the sum of light reflecting on the device, expressed as a per centum. Curtain wall– an exterior wall that provides no structural support. Encapsulant– Plastic or other stuff around PV cells that protects them from environmental harm. Grid-connected– Inter-tied with an electric power public-service corporation. Inverter– Device that transforms direct-current ( DC ) electricity to jumping current ( AC ) electricity. Faculty– Commercial PV merchandise incorporating interrelated solar cells ; faculties come in assorted criterion sizes and can besides be custom-made by the maker. PV array– Group or twine of affiliated PV faculties runing as a individual unit. PV laminate– Building constituent constructed of multilayers of glass, metal or plastic and a photovoltaic stuff. PV solar cell– Device made of semiconducting material stuffs that convert direct or spread light into electricity ; typical PV engineerings are made from crystalline, polycrystalline, and formless Si and other thin-film stuffs. Solar entree– Sunstroke incidence of solar radiation that occurs on a PV system ‘s surface at any given clip ; it determines the possible electrical end product of a BIPV system. Stand-alone– Remote control power beginning offprint from an electric public-service corporation grid ; a stand-alone system typically has a battery storage constituent. ( Eiffert.P and Kiss.G.J. 2000 ) How to cite The technology for photovoltaic, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Quality Planning And Analysis-Get Free samples solution

Question: Describe about the design and production of electronic device. Answer: 1. Introduction- Mobile phones are most commonly used electronic product in the modern market. It helps in connecting the people. There are various electronics products available in the market such as, television, refrigerator and mobile phones. They help to meet the needs of the people. Mobile phones help the people to get connected with each other. Television entertains the people. Refrigerator is used to keep the vegetables fresh. Thus, electronic devices are bearing various features which make them important in the daily life of the human being. The functions of electronic devices are discussed below- Automation in work Work Accuracy The characteristics of electronic devices are- Quick performance of work Accuracy in work Use of electricity rather than man power. Simplification of work Less consumption of time Improvement in the efficiency of work. Thus, there are various advantages of electronic devices in todays modern world. Some of the examples of electronic devices that has made the work simple and comfortable are fans, mixer grinder, air conditioner, etc. 2. Customer Satisfaction- It is necessary to develop an effective plan of change and to implement it. It is the involvement of managers and employees with the extent of co creation and involvement of them in depth towards the change of the electronic device. The external stakeholders of the business are the customers. Their involvement is measured with the help of various approaches such as simulation, testing and the interventions through pivots, etc, Stakeholders are involved in the change plan to the extent of their selling. Various channels are used to keep them informed about the change so made. 2.1. Stakeholder Analysis- The ten Stakeholders that expect from the electronic devices are discussed below- The manufacturer who manufactures the electronic devices expects that the raw materials should be made readily available for their production. It should be able to meet the cost. The Wholesaler who sells the products and is the intermediary for reaching the product in the market. They, expect the product should be capable enough to be sold in the market. Product should meet the needs. The retailer is the seller of the electronic devices at retail level. He should see that products are readily sold in the open market. Products should meet the needs of the large number of people. The customers who are purchasing the electronic devices expect that they should satisfy their needs. The product should stand up to their expectation. General Public expects complete about the product. They want to know the features of the product available in the market. The user is the one who uses the electronic device. He expects that the devices are as per their needs. They expect that device should be able to satisfy their want. The technician is the one who test the electronic devices. He expects that the devices are safely made and will not cause any harm to the life of the users. The demonstrator expects that the product is as per the demo shown by him. He expects he has the complete knowledge of the product. The workers who are working on the products expect that the products are safe to work upon and are well tested. Any other stakeholder who is directly or indirectly related with the electronic devices expect that their use should be safe and should be able to give customer satisfaction. (Six-Sigma-Material.com, 2016) 2.2. Capturing the Customer Needs- The four methods of capturing the customer needs are- Identifying the customer. Who they exactly are. These customers can be internal or external. Each customer is having their own need. SIPOC can be used as a tool in the same. Collect is the collection of the needs of the customers. This includes the conduct of survey, service level agreement copy, etc. Survey, market research and interviews can be used as the tool in the same. Comparison of the information so collected in order to decide on the best one. Analyse is the examination of the information so compared in order to make them relevant with the project. It includes the qualitative as well as quantitative survey. Thus, it can be accordingly decided whether the need of the customer should be segmented to a group or not. Segmentation and Affinity diagram can be used in the same. In a translate, requirements that are analysed are turned into a meaningful data through tolerances as well as specification. Kano Analysis and CTS trees are used as the tool. Electronic devices need to be operated in the different parts of the world. Thus, it has become essential for the electronic devices to consider various factors that are necessary for the purpose of expansion. Prior objective of electronic devices is to achieve optimum satisfaction and maximum customer satisfaction. Thus, the electronic devices ensures the completion of 91% of target in order to reach to the maximum point of performance. With proper building up of the strategies the performance of the electronic devices can be improved and it also helps in the optimum performance of the electronic device. The important strategy of the electronic device is to deliver its services among the large number of customers. Such services are delivered in a systematic way to the different categories of customers. This will help to spread its services all over. 2.3. Customer Needs Analysis (Kano Analysis)- Translate phase can be taken which include kano analysis. The above is the diagram of kano analysis. The 25 customer needs are as follows- 10 wants of the customers with regards to the electronic devices are as follows- The product should be cheaper Electronic device should be able to complete the work within a short span of time It should be accurate Simple to use It should meet the comfort level of the customers It should be efficient in performance It should be good at quality It should provide them maximum satisfaction It should be able to save their time It should preserve the energy. 10 musts of the customers with regards to the electronic devices are- The cost of the product should be less The quality of the electronic device should be high The product should be safe The product should be able to meet the comfort. It should be able to save the time of the customer It should be able to save the money of the customers It should consume less energy It should be eco friendly It should meet the needs efficiently It should be accurate in devoting its performance. 5 desirables of the customers with regards to the electronic devices are Electronic devices are safe at use Electronic devices are consuming the electricity They are good to nature Electronic devices are less expensive Electronic devices also helps to save the time of the customer as the work is done very speedily. The value chain model in the strategic change management of the Electronic device electronic device includes the following- A system of personnel management- It includes open management which includes the autonomy and employees creativity. This helps to enhance the efficiency and increases the competitiveness. Electronic device is following the management policy of people first. Regional specialists are involved in bringing up the emerging market. A system of design and marketing is playing an important role in the success of Electronic device electronic device. Electronic device strongly focuses on the customers by understanding their needs and by satisfying them. It continuously interacts with its user. It is continuously launching new products and entering into new market. Management is based on the quality. It focuses mainly on the technology resources. It is linked up with the technology and the human. Because of the emergence of flat screen TV and the mobile phone, Electronic device is competing with the leading companies, Apple and Sony. A system of Hybrid Management adopted American style of system. Innovative strategies are developed with the help of successful modeling. Various services are provided in order to improve the business value. It is following the American style of HR and Japanese style in the management of operation. Innovative techniques help to bring competency in the electronic device. Effective strategy involves the talent acquisition and the talent deployment. Research was carried out. Strategy was built up for the development of services and to fulfil the needs of the purchasing process and the decentralization of bases of the purchasing process. There is a need for simplifying the procedure of the purchasing process, to delegate the authority in order to comply with the strategic plan at both interior level and the state level. The ideas and work experience are considered. Goals of the research are the implementation of new mechanism in the process of purchase by the purchasing department. To mandate the purchasing authority with the regional leader. The Electronic device are having good scope in Purchase. Proper recording and maintenance of invoices helps to keep them for future records. (Six-Sigma-Material.com, 2016) 3. Design Requirements- 3.1. Translating Customer Needs into design requirements (QFD)- The minimum 10 design requirements using the quality function deployment method are as follows- Requirement of customers- It is the identification of the price of the market and the analysis of the process. Information is gathered from the customers on their requirements. Affinity diagram and the tree diagram are used to evaluate the data. Requirements that are regulatory- Documents requirements will be dictated and the standard that are regulatory will adhere to. (Institute, 2016) Rating importance to customers- The rating is done by the customers on the scale of 1 to 5. Competition on customer ratings- It will be the competitive advantage to rate the competition. It is the rating of the products based on the competition. House of quality can include remodeling. Complaints of the customers, improvement in the goals and the opportunities of the sale can be added in it. Descriptor that are technical- Descriptors that are technical can be measured against the competition. Measurements are made to meet the needs of the customers. Improvement direction- for the movement direction of the descriptor, strong determination is made. (Npd-solutions.com, 2016) Relationship matrix is determining the needs of the customers and the ability of the customers to meet those needs. The relationship strength between the needs of customers and the technical descriptor. Difficulty in the organisation shall include the rating of the design attribute. There may be conflict between some of the attributes. Stock holding of the electronic device may be in conflict with the number of sizes. Competitor products technical analysis is about understanding the competition and a conduct of technical descriptor. Technical descriptor target value is achieved for each of descriptor by the QFD team. It can be the base line of the complaint made. (Brian C. McDaniel, 2016) There are various models used in the current economy- Generic Value chain model which includes old capability advantage and the new capability advantage. The capabilities are divided into the various departments- Design, research and development, distribution, marketing and the supply chain. Again it is sub divided into Engineer and designers as well as advertisers and the hire of best resources. Professional training becomes essential as the electronic device is trying to increase its business. (Mddionline.com, 2016) It is necessary to give suitable training to the employees of the electronic device to increase their productivity. It is necessary that the employees should have deep knowledge about the products. There are two market economies one is the liberal and the another one is the co ordinate which focuses on the expansion of business of the electronic device. Liberal market economies involve the more interference of the government which hampers the growth of the electronic device. The Electronic devices goal is to provide high quality products as well as services. Success of the electronic device depends upon the inter firm co operation as well as interaction. Products so produced are sold to the people. It is necessary to create awareness of the product in order to sell them more. Electronic device products are commonly used by the people. Satisfying the customers, expansion and making up of profit are some of the important objectives of the business. It is necessary for the electronic device to make estimations on expansion. If there is increase in the number of customers there will be increase in profitability of the electronic device. Customers purchase the products at cheaper rate. (Sebelius, 2014) 3.2. Design Risk Analysis (FMEA) Cross functional areas are assembled showing the knowledge about the needs of the customers, their services and the products. It functions include the sales, marketing and the quality. FMEA scope need to be identified. It is to be identified for the design, process and the system. The identification information of the FMEA form need to be filled out. (Sebelius, 2014) The scope functions need to be identified. The purpose of the product and services are identified. Scope is break down into various sub systems and parts. Identification of the way in which the failures can occur. It is the mode of potential failures. (Brian C. McDaniel, 2016) 4. Supplier Selection and Evaluation- 4.1. Identifying the components- The ten major components of the products that can be sourced from the suppliers are- Part of the products The component of the electronic device that has been failed and is not readily available in the market. Hard to find components insufficient stock Bankruptcy vanishes the supplier of the component from the business. Natural calamities result into scarcity of the components. Regulations on the environment such as ROHS (Procurementmanagement.pressbooks.com, 2016) In order to qualify the suppliers, international standard reports are available. Clear setting up of the expectations and the requirements Competitive price availability and delivery becomes possible. Compliance with the various regulatory framework and the friendliness of the environment. (Cwu.edu, 2016) 4.2. Developing the supplier selection criteria- The part of the electronic device such as the ICE chip In this case, the supplier should be known for his quality performance He should be able to offer the discount He is known for the particular component in the market The timeliness in providing the services The accuracy in the services Services are provided in a more efficient manner He is competitive in the market as far as the quality is concerned He is reliable for that component in the market After the hitting up of the growth rate, supplier is tapped into Major contributions are made to the product by the supplier causing innovation. 4.3. Constructing and using a supplier selection system- The selection of the supplier shall depend upon certain criteria- Supplier A- Proper finances are available, Innovation techniques are used in the supplies, Quality in the supply is maintained, and timeliness in providing the services and the competitiveness is provided in the services. Supplier B- Finance are not much available, innovation techniques are not much in use, quality in the supply is not much maintained, there is not much timeliness in providing the services and there is not much competitiveness provided in the services. Supplier C- Services are provided at a cheaper rate, supplier is more reliable, quality is maintained in providing the services, cost is not much high of the goods supply and there is proper allocation of time in the supply. 4.4. Conclusion- Thus, it is clear from the above that various points are considered for the selection of the supplier. The selection of the supplier depends upon various criteria. Time, quality, accuracy and reliability matters a lot in the selection of the supplier. (Anon, 2016) 5. Statistical Process Control- 5.1. Identifying the process- The processes that can be used in producing the electronic devices are- Several action encompassing the design services after the determination of the customers specification taking place. Testing is used after completing a product run. It shall include the laboratory testing, compliance testing, etc. Manufacturing of the different products. It include the through hole technology where the component is mounted based on the holes that are drilled in the board Surface mount technology are less expensive and are soldered on the top of the board. Micro electric include the manufacture of chip on the board. Optoelectronic include the controlling, detecting of the light. Wireless devices used in the tele communication and transfer of data application. Prototype is the follow of design shape with the testing up of the product concept. Specification of the production volume. It includes medium, low and high volume. (Anon, 2016) 5.2. Monitoring process using SPC charts- X bar chart- Continuously scaled variables are considered. It is taken on any value. It is measured on specific interval. Value between 1 and 10 can be considered over here. Statistical control of measurement is there. There is hardly any random variation in the process. X bar shows the measurement of sample. X bar values are represented by a line on a chart. R chart- Central tendency is expressed through X bar, whereas, each sample variance within an overtime control is expressed through R chart. In the R chart, points plotted will be the R, mean will be the central line on the R bar. The B factor will be the upper control limit. The C factor on the R bar will be the lower control limit. P chart- P value is plotted on the p chart. The p chart centre line will be the series of p value. The above and below the centre line will be the control limit. It can be calculated with the following equation- UCLp = pbar + zp (Asq.org, 2016) C Chart- It contains the attributes that are calculated without the size of the sample. Various range of defects are counted. C bar is the centre line where there average of the C values are shown. LCLc = pbar z c Control chart is used to determine the business process through a statistical control. 5.3. Constructing and using a SPC chart- For Testing is used after completing a product run. It shall include the laboratory testing, compliance testing, etc. UCLp = pbar + zp LCLp = p bar + zp Where the sigma p bar = 0.657 and control limit UCL = 0.258 and LCL = 0.256 day late p 1 20 0.1 2 10 0.5 3 10 0.17 4 14 0.25 5 10 0.19 6 14 0.23 7 15 0.25 p-bar 1.69 6. Problem Solving- 6.1. Identifying the problems and problem solving tools- The problems that are faced while using the products and services are- There are faulty in the use of the electronic chip Failure in one of the component of the electronic device There is time consuming process involved in the use of the electronic device Device is not safely made More energy is consumed by the electronic device. (Asq.org, 2016) The seven tools of quality are as follows- Control chart, scatter diagram, histogram, check sheet, cause and effect relationship diagram, pareto chart and the stratification. 6.2. Constructing and using the problem solving tools- There are faulty in the use of the electronic chip Cause effect diagram is used to show the fish like shape of the defects that are prevailing in the environment, methods and machines. C chart showing the quality characteristics. It shows the graphical performance of UCL, LCL and CL. Histogram that shows the graphical representation of frequency in the form of bar. In a Scatter diagram, quality characteristic of the defect in electronic device is shown through dots. References- Asq.org. (2016).Problem Solving Steps Process - Learning Resources | ASQ. Brian C. McDaniel, M. (2016).Statistical Process Control (SPC) Tutorial. Services.byu.edu. (2016).Statistical Process Control (SPC) Analysis: Control Charts. Six-Sigma-Material.com. (2016).SPC Charts - Statistical Process Control Charts. Mddionline.com. (2016). Sebelius, P. (2014).FMEA and Risk management according to ISO 14971. Npd-solutions.com. (2016).Customer-Focused Development With QFD. Procurementmanagement.pressbooks.com. (2016).Supplier selection and evaluation | BLC 304/05 Procurement Management.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Ulrich Ways of Her Household free essay sample

In the article The Ways of Her Household, Ulrich argues that women’s work in colonial American was under appreciated and extremely difficult. Ulrich states housekeeping is a challenging and complex task that requires not only intelligence but also significant skill. In the beginning of the article she describes the everyday roles of women in Colonial America. Women preformed many difficult tasks some of them were cleaning, making meals, maintained gardens, milking, made household items to sell and use. For and example â€Å"Preparing the simplest of these meals required both judgement and skill.. The most basic of housewife’s skills was building and regulating fires-a task so fundamental that is must have appeared more a habit then craft. Summer and winter, day and night she kept a few brands smoldering, ready to stir in flame as needed† (Ulrich, 49). These tasks required a vigorous amount of energy and skill. Colonial women understood how to do these difficult tasks for an example â€Å"ticklish chemical  processes which changed milk into cheese meal into bread, malt into beer and flesh into bacon†(Ulrish,48) These tasks were very complex and took tremendous skill. We will write a custom essay sample on Ulrich Ways of Her Household or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ulrich’s does a great job in supporting her thesis topic by giving direct samples from families in different economic classes in the colonial period and comparing the household responsibilities. She does immense research and goes above and beyond to prove her statement. She also compares the lifestyles and the household inventory in different families and economic classes but alI  had one thing in common there responsibilities as a mother of a household and their contribution economically. In my opinion I believe her most significant idea is that women were underappreciated even though there duties require so much more skill and intelligence. Women did have an affect on their families and the economy so they shouldn’t have been underappreciated. I find it so inspiring how women back then did everything they could for their family’s survival.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Coyote Facts (Canis latrans)

Coyote Facts (Canis latrans) The coyote (Canis latrans) is a medium-sized canid that is closely related to the dog and the wolf. The animal is well-known for its yips, howls, and other vocalizations. In fact, the scientific name for the coyote means barking dog. The common name comes from the Nahatl word coyÃ… tl. Fast Facts: Coyote Scientific Name: Canis latransCommon Names: Coyote, prairie wolfBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 32 to 37 inches plus 16 inch tailWeight: 20 to 50 poundsLifespan: 10 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: North and Central AmericaPopulation: MillionsConservation Status: Least Concern Description Coyotes are larger than foxes and slightly smaller than wolves. The average adult ranges from 32 to 36 inches in length (head and body) with a 16 inch tail and weight between 20 and 50 pounds. Size varies depending on habitat, but females tend to be shorter in height and length than males. Coyote fur color ranges from reddish to grayish brown, depending on the animals habitat. Melanistic (black) forms occur, but white or albino coyotes are extremely rare. The animal has white neck and belly fur and a black-tipped tail. The face features a long muzzle and pointed ears, and the tail is brush-shaped like that of a fox. While coyotes and wolves are of comparable size and coloration, coyote ears are more sharply upright, their face and frame are leaner, and they run with their tail held low. In contrast, a wolf runs with its tail held horizontally. Habitat and Distribution The coyotes range originally spanned from the plains and deserts of western North America through Mexico and into Central America. The extirpation of wolves in North America allowed expansion across the United States and much of Canada. Currently, coyotes are found from Panama in the south up to Alaska in the north. While suited to prairies and deserts, the species has adapted to nearly every habitat, including urban environments. Diet and Behavior Coyotes, like other canines, are omnivorous. They hunt rabbits, snakes, frogs (not toads), deer and other ungulates, and turkeys and other large birds. While they prefer their natural prey, they will take chickens, lambs, calves, and pets. In addition, coyotes eat carrion, insects, grass, and fruit. With their excellent senses of hearing and smell, coyotes can detect prey at a distance. Then, they track prey by sight. For smaller prey, coyotes are solitary hunters. However, they will form packs to cooperatively hunt deer, elk, sheep, and pronghorns. Coyotes are not as social as wolves, but they will act cooperatively to hunt and raise offspring. Perry McKenna Photography / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Coyotes are monogamous. Mating occurs between February and April. The pair seeks or builds a den for birthing and rearing pups. Two months after mating, the female gives birth to between three and twelve pups. Pups weigh between 0.44 and 1.10 pounds at birth and are born blind and toothless. The male hunts for food and brings it back to the female while she nurses. The pups are weaned by two months of age and fight with each other to establish dominance. By June or July, the family leaves the den to hunt and patrol its territory. Territory is marked with urine and scratches in the ground. Pups gain the size of their parents by eight months and their full weight at nine months. Some leave their parents in August, but others may remain with the family much longer. Females that do not mate the following year may help their mother or sisters raise young. In the wild, coyotes may live 10 years. While they may be preyed upon by mountain lions, wolves, or bears, most die from hunting, disease, or automobile collisions. In captivity, a coyote may live 20 years. Coyote pups resemble fox or wolf pups. Matt Stirn / Aurora Photos / Getty Images Hybrids Coyotes and wolves sometimes mate, producing coywolf hybrids. In fact, most wolves in North America carry coyote DNA. Although uncommon, coyotes and dogs sometimes mate and produce coydogs. Coydogs vary in appearance, but tend to retain the shyness of coyotes. Conservation Status The IUCN categorizes the conservation status of the coyote as least concern. The species is abundant throughout its range, with stable or increasing populations. Humans pose the primary threat to coyotes. Ironically, control efforts may have led to the species expansion, as persecution alters coyote behavior and increases litter sizes. Coyotes and Humans Coyotes are hunted for fur and to protect livestock. Historically, they were eaten by trappers and indigenous people. Coyotes have adapted to human encroachment to the point where there are populations of urban coyotes. Coyote pups are readily domesticated, but they tend not to make ideal pets because of their scent and shyness around strangers. Sources Cartaino, Carol. Myths Truths about Coyotes: What You Need to Know about Americas Most Misunderstood Predator. Readhowyouwant.com. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4587-2668-1.Gier, H.T. Ecology and Behavior of the Coyote (Canis latrans). In Fox, M. W. (ed.). The Wild Canids: Their systematics, behavioral ecology, and evolution. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 247–262, 1974. ISBN 978-0-442-22430-1.  Kays, R. Canis latrans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T3745A103893556. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3745A103893556.enTedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218, 2009. doi:10.1206/574.1Vantassel, Stephen. Coyotes. Wildlife Damage Inspection Handbook (3rd ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: Wildlife Control Consultant. p. 112, 2012. ISBN 978-0-9668582-5-9.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Gloagburn Farm Shop And Coffee Shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gloagburn Farm Shop And Coffee Shop - Essay Example The restaurant also offers take away and picnic arrangements. Though the firm had previously won several awards in various categories, with the rising competition its future doesn’t seem very promising (PKC government, 2012). A situational analysis has been conducted using SWOT and Porter’s five-force analysis to assess its present situation and its future progress. 1.SWOT ANALYSIS 1.1Strengths 1.1.1 Products Gloagburn has a nice breakfast and lunch offering with options like porridge, eggs, bacon brunch and various coffee options. For lunch they offer fresh soup, sandwiches, baked potatoes and fresh bread etc. they also have a wide dessert variety like fruit crumbles, pies, cakes scones and different tarts to name a few. Such an offering is appreciated by the customers as the products a farm fresh that make all the difference (Gloagburn, 2012). The restaurant has also won Scottish Food and Drink Excellence Award 2009 and many other awards in 2004 (PKC government, 2012) . 1.1.2.Restaurant environment The main strength of the coffee shop is its location and its environment of a farmhouse. Customers get a feel of the countryside, which is its main competitive edge. Away from the hustle of city life the serenity and the friendliness of the place is what attracts the customers (Gloagburn, 2012). ... 1.1.4 Ingredients The ingredients are another factor that give the SME its competitive edge over the competition. This is because not every restaurant can boast to have in-grown ingredients like turnips, potatoes, fresh meat etc. 1.1.5 Low cost of production 1. 2 Weakness 1.2.1 The service The services was commendable when the restaurant was smaller, however, with the expansion by increasing the seating area outdoors also, the service is not as sufficient as before. This is because every order is prepared from scratch, which is good however, the wait for meal to arrive is long and the customers have to wait for a long time. The restaurant was fine with a smaller setup however; there are issues especially in terms of services when the restaurant increased on the size. There were some complaints regarding the attitude of the waiters towards the customers, which could in turn be bad for the customer flow and ultimately have a bad impact on the restaurant reputation. 1.2.2. Self-supplier s This is though considered a strength but it is also a weakness. This is because the supplies quantity is limited and thus there is only a certain amount that the restaurant can produce. After this limit is exhausted, more supplies cannot be obtained and thus this limits the expansion of the restaurant. Moreover, if on a particular day, the customers’ demand exceeds the farm’s capacity to produce, the customers will be disappointed. On the other hand, if a commercial restaurant is considered that outsources its supplies, it may not face this problem as it may over stock or under stock depending on the demand predictability (Gloagburn, 2012). 1.2.3 Losses in terms of decayed products. The restaurant may also